Definition of Tourist/Tourism Essay

Throughout the academic and business world there is ongoing debate regarding the insufficient definitions of the terms ‘tourism’ and ‘tourist’. Upon researching this matter I have also come to question the validity of the ‘tourism industry’ and its ability to meet the requirements of industrial and commercial activities due to the lack of uniform and limitations of what it pertains to. The following are definitions I have chosen, in order of preference, to shed light on the ambiguous nature of these terms so that a clearer understanding can be realised for economic and educational use. Of these it can also be seen that they have been sourced from opposing areas of interest – industry, academic and dictionary, as to better illustrate the need for more than one type of definition. Furthermore, each will be deconstructed to communicate their relative strengths and weaknesses in relation to fundamental aspects of their current use. – World Tourism Organisation (cited in Tribe 2009, p.44); Tourism: ‘†¦ comprises the activities of a person’s travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.’ – World Tourism Organisation (1993, cited in Cooper, Shepherd & Westlake (1996, p.18); Tourist: ‘†¦A visitor* who in the country visited for at least one night. *Visitor: ‘†¦Any person who travels o a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual environments, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.’ – Stear (2005, p. 8&11); Tourism: ‘tourism is travel and temporary stay, involving at least one night away from the region of a person’s usual home that is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are perceived as being more enjoyably able to be satisfied by being at places outside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region.’ Tourist: ‘a tourist is a person engaging in the activities directly associated with the present or future travel and temporary stay that involves at least one night away from the region of their usual home that is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are perceived as being more enjoyably able to be satisfied by places outside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region.’ – Oxford Dictionary (2011); Tourism: ‘the commercial organization and operation of holidays and visits to places of interest.’ Tourist: ‘†¦a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure.’ To begin, one of the key factors in defining tourism is determining where it begins, ends, and the stakeholders impacted along the way. As explained by Theobald (1994, p.26), ‘tourism is more like a ‘sector’ that impacts a wide range of industries’ rather than an industry itself as current statistical measurement of economic effects is unreliable and problematic. Stear’s blanket approach of tourism neglects to set parameters for quantitative study where ‘many of these businesses also serve local residents [and] the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated’(Theobald 1994, p.4). This leads to the need for segregation of the term by its main features to establish the objective of the meaning and what it aims to achieve. This is adequately explained by Tribe (2009, p.25) as ‘†¦differentiation is sought between functional definitions of the term tourist used to define and measure activities of people for the purposes of sorting and collecting data about those activities, and that of the concept of tourist, which has a much less well-understood value’. Because of this it is widely accepted that there are ‘†¦two different types of tourism definitions, each with its own rationale and intended usage’ (Theobald 1994, p.7). The suggestion of Burkart & Medlik (1981, cited in Theobald 1994) that there are both conceptual and technical definitions, the former allowing for a theoretical approach such as Stear’s in which it can be used for the teaching of this area of study, and the latter is aligned to the WTO’s approach for ‘statistical or legislative purposes†¦.that can be applied to both international and domestic settings†¦.to help standardise comparative international tourism data collection’. Similarly the World Tourism Organisation has put forward a significant division in the term ‘tourist’ as a method of discerning those who visit a place for more than twenty-four hours from those who don’t. This enables significant advancements in both technical and conceptual approaches to the definition as allowing tourists such as backpackers, cruise ship passengers and tour busses to be incorporated as well as their significant input to the ‘industry’. Stear’s definition, although broad, lacks entirely in the foresight that ‘at least one night away’ is limited to people who reside in the area overnight which is often not the case. In my experience backpacking, there are many scenarios in which time constraints urge you to visit multiple ‘attractions’ in one day and often over large distances, of one account travelling by car I had breakfast in Italy, lunch in Switzerland, followed by dinner in Germany. With no uncertainty was I tourist at all stages of this trip, therefore the following opinion of Theobald (1994) in which ‘visitors include two distinct categories of travellers’ one being tourists and the other excursionists, is fundamental to the concern of accountability of economic effects in tourist destination regions. In this case the WTO definition comprises of a tourist and excursionist approach which adequately incorporates all impacts on the relative industries. However, of the above methods of definition neither encompasses the history and definition of each word and its everyday use regardless of technical and conceptual implications. Because of this, I believe it pertinent to incorporate the dictionary definition of both tourism and tourist in their comprehensive understanding as their etymology is central to the existence of this ‘sector’. It is collectively agreed (Stear 2005, Weaver & Lawton 2010, Tribe 2009 and Theobald 1994) that tourism is a social phenomenon of the nineteenth and twentieth century’s, of a time where cultural and leisure purposes were the most prominent instigating factors. This said, many forms of ‘types of travel’ (Stear 2005, p.5) have emerged clouding the nature of its original meaning making it difficult to transcend this meaning into a contemporary societal view. As Theobald (1994, p.6) explains etymologically the Latin derivative of tour (when combined with the suffixes of –ism and –ist) describes the movement in a round-trip and in essence the journey of leaving and then returning to the original starting point. It is plain to see that this holds great dissimilarity to the aforementioned dictionary definition as it is subsequent to the influences of industry purpose. Overall, this discussion has outlined the continued difficulties in producing a unified definition that encompasses all aspects of tourists and their impacts on tourism so that statistical and theoretical conclusions can be draw for economic and academic purposes. In total, I believe each of the definitions mentioned above hold merit in varying manners when applied for specific use in their appropriate field. This does not dismiss the issue that each has limitations in regards to the standardisation of each type of definition and in conclusion until this standardisation of terms used for conceptual and technical objectives occurs, neither can be solely accepted for all application in a worldwide setting.

Ecosystem Services In Human Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecosystem services in human-environment systems: What is the job? Ecosystems present goods and services of tremendous value to the human society ( Pearce and Moran, 1994 ; Costanza et al. , 1997 ; Daily, 1997 ) . However, intensive land and H2O usage, extraction of natural resources, and chemical emanations into the environment lead to a world-wide debasement of biodiversity and of the supporting services, purveying services, modulating services and cultural services which ecosystems provide ( Hooper et al. , 2005 ; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005b ) . On a planetary graduated table the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005b ) found that 60 % of planetary ecosystem services ( ES ) surveyed are presently being degraded or used unsustainably. Future scenarios are assuring no relieve. Merely the projected doubling of nutrient ingestion for the following 50 old ages ( Tilman et al. , 2002 ) , in combination with the turning demand for biofuels and other biophysical merchandises wi ll dispute decision-makers covering with ecosystem direction worldwide. They need to optimise ecosystems with regard to multiple demands. Climate alteration has even intensified the kineticss of this human-environment interaction ( McCarthy et al. , 2001 ) . Ecosystem services are defined as maps of ecosystems with value for human wellbeing. Thus the construct of ecosystem services, establishes a relationship between ecosystem service providers ( the manufacturers ) and demanders for ecosystem services ( the donees ) . Those supply-demand interaction can be distinguished on three degrees: I ) upstream – downstream dealingss, two ) north – south dealingss and three ) hapless – rich dealingss. I ) Because of topographical complexness and altitudinal gradients mountain ecosystems are peculiarly sensitive to planetary alteration compared to the lowland ( Becker et al. , 2007 ; Bugmann et al. , 2007 ) . Socio-economic exposure to loss of ecosystem services tends besides to be higher because of by and large more hard socio-economic conditions in mountains. But besides the Lowlandss are influenced by unsought alterations in mountain countries, because of their importance for biodiversity and for supplying ecosystem services. Downstream histrions benefit from the supply of upstream ecosystems with regard to clean H2O, inundation control, reduced deposit, scenic beauty and many more positive cragged ecosystem services. two ) Similarly, force per unit area on ecosystem services is high in the south because of uninterrupted land usage alteration, land debasement and impacts of clime alteration. Until now, such amendss to ecosystems services are non sufficiently taken into history in the environmental determinations along the planetary value ironss associating consumer, retail merchant, processor, and manufacturer in the North and the South. Fair trade is a first measure into this way, but planetary trade fundamentally masks the restraints of regional ecosystems. To increase the ecological transparence and foster sustainable ecosystem direction, the involved public and private histrions need to develop, better and utilize instruments for ecological appraisal and direction of planetary value ironss damaging regional ecosystem services. Recently thoughts have been developed for international payments for ecosystem services and international biodiversity off-sets ( see for a reappraisal in German or Gall ic linguistic communication Koellner and Engel, 2008b ; Koellner and Engel, 2008a ) . three ) In both instances mentioned before the relationship between upstream-downstream and north-south are potentially tantamount to a poor-rich relationship. Particularly in developing states with weak environmental statute law and enforcement, the activities of the primary sector ( agribusiness, forestry, piscaries and aquaculture, but besides oil, gas and excavation ) lead to deforestation, cause terrible amendss to biodiversity and eventually restrict the capacity of ecosystems to present packages of services at the landscape graduated table to the local people. This is particularly obnoxious, if biotic resources are produced unsustainably in hapless states in the South and exported to rich states in the North with rigorous environmental ordinance, but merely for the ain district. I am non stating that planetary trade per Se is bad for the environment, but advanced solutions are needed if the hapless are affected, because they can non buffer losingss of ecosystem services with p urchased human-made services. To replace losing statute law pro-poor payments for ecosystem services were discussed in the past ( Landell-Mills and Porras, 2002 ; Duraiappah, 2006 ; Ravnborg et al. , 2007 ; Bulte et al. , 2008 ; Proctor et al. , 2008 ; Tallis et al. , 2008 ) . To successfully pull off such supply-demand dealingss for ecosystem services under force per unit area of planetary alteration requires a coaction of scientific discipline and pattern. New schemes for local, regional and planetary direction of ecosystems are necessary, which are based on ecosystem services quantification ; design of finance, policy and administration systems ; and the execution of those in assorted biophysical and societal contexts ( Daily and Matson, 2008 ) . Within this general model the three chief aims of my habilitation thesis on Ecosystem Servicess in Human-Environment Systems are Part A ) to pattern land usage and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems and their services Part B ) to analyse the decision-making that drives supply and demand for ecosystem services, and Part C ) to research the ecosystem impact of the fiscal sector national and international payments for ecosystem services ( PES ) and their linkages to the fiscal sector. In this debut I reflect foremost the recent treatment about the definition of ecosystem services. Then I develop a general model to form research on ecosystem services. Finally, for each of the three aims I provide a short reappraisal of bing research and depict my part to make full the spread. What are ecosystem services? Much confusion about their definition. Daily ( 1997 ) and the lending writers from natural and societal scientific disciplines introduced the term and construct of ecosystem services in order to emphasize the dependence of human-well being on nature. This milepost work defines ecosystem services on page 3 as follows: â€Å" Ecosystem services are the conditions and procedures through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up sustain and carry through human life. They maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as seafood, eatage, lumber, biomass fuels, natural fibre, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial merchandises, and their precursors. † ( Daily, 1997, page 3 ) . In this definition ecosystem goods and biodiversity are an end product of natural maps in sensu de Groot ( 1992 ) . Interestingly, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA ( 2005b ) skips the differentiation between touchable ecosystem goods. It defines ecosystem services loosely as the â€Å" benefits people obtain from ecosystems † . It does distinguish supportive services ( like food cycling and dirt formation ) , purveying services ( like nutrient, fresh H2O and fibres ) , modulating services ( like eroding control or H2O purification ) , and cultural services ( like proviso of chances for diversion and religious or historical intents ) . That means what is a good under the definition of Daily is in the MA defined as an ecosystem services. Precisely around this issue, there is presently a scientific argument ongoing ( see Boyd, 2007 ; Boyd and Banzhaf, 2007 ; Wallace, 2007 ; Costanza, 2008 ; Fisher and Turner, 2008 ; Wallace, 2008 ) .

Renaissance Drama in England

Renaissance Drama in England From Medieval to Renaissance Drama ? Mystery plays -> ? Historical (chronicle) ? Miracle plays -> plays ? Tragedies ? Comedies ? Morality plays -> ? Interludes -> Other public â€Å"spectacles†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Elizabethan Drama ? The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. ? The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher) and Plautus (comic cliches, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). ? However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage in scenes of high ? physical realism? was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Lady Macbeth by John Singer Sargent,1889Elizabethan Drama and Acting – Main Features ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The plays had 5 acts; Physical realism; Issues borrowed from the ancient Greek drama (the chorus); Allegorical characters borrowed from the Medieval moralities; Issues borrowed from the Italian drama (the pantomime); Exaggerated feelings (love, hatred, revenge); Props and settings were simple; Costumes were rich and in accordance with the fashion of the time; There was no curtain; Women were not allowed to perform. Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd ? Examples: Gorboduc (or Ferrex and Porrex) by Sackville ; Norton, TheThe Elizabethan Playhouse ? The establishment of large and profitable public theatres was an essential enabling factor in the success of English Renaissance drama—once they were in op eration, drama could become a fixed and permanent rather than a transitory phenomenon. The crucial initiating development was the building of The Theatre by James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red Bull (1604).The Elizabethan Playhouse ? The public theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the centre. ? Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect (though the Red Bull and the first Fortune were square), the three levels of inwardfacing galleries overlooked the open center, into which jutted the stage— essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear being restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony. Usually built of timber and plaster and with thatched roofs , the early theatres were vulnerable to fire, and were replaced (when necessary) with stronger structures. When the Globe burned down in June 1613, it was rebuilt with a tile roof. The English Renaissance Drama ? 1. The early tragedies ? 2. The early comedies ? 3. The plays of the ? University Wits? ? 4. William Shakespeare’s plays the â€Å"university wits† The decade of the 1590s, just before Shakespeare started his career, saw a radical transformation in popular drama. A group of welleducated men chose to write for the public stage, taking over native traditions.They brought new coherence in structure, and real wit and poetic power to the language. They are known collectively as the â€Å"University Wits,† though they did not always work as a group, and indeed wrangled with each other at times. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? John Lyly (1554-1606) Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Robert Greene (1560-1592) Thomas Nashe (1567-1601) George Peele Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (1558 –1594) ? ? ? Th. Kyd was the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.The Spanish Tragedie was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia: with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo. However, the play was usually known simply as â€Å"Hieronimo†, after the protagonist. Kyd is more generally accepted to have been the author of a Hamlet, the precursor of the Shakespearean play (Ur-Hamlet). Christopher Marlowe(1564 –1593) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The foremost Elizabethan tragedian before William Shakespeare, he is known for his magnificent blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own untimely death. Marlowe’s most important plays in which he created his tytanic characters are: Dido, Queen of Carthage (c. 1586) (possibly co-written with Thomas Nashe) Tamburlaine, part 1 (c. 1587) Tamburlaine, part 2 (c. 1587-1588) The Jew of Malta (c. 1589) Doctor Faustus (c. 1589, or, c. 1593) Edward II (c. 1592) The Massacre at Paris (c. 1593) Marlowe is often alleged to have been a government spy killed upon the orders of the Queen.William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? According to some critics of his time, Shakespeare was vulgar, provincial and overrated. ? Robert Greene (1558 –1592) is most familiar to Shakespeare scholars for his pamphlet Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit (full title: Greene's Groats-worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance), which most scholars agree contains the earliest known mention of Shakespeare as a member of the London dramatic community. In it, Greene disparages Shakespeare, for being an actor who has the temerity to write plays, and for committing plagiarism. ? â€Å"†¦ or there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers ha rt wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey†. William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? ? Francis Meres, one year younger than Shakespeare, described himself as â€Å"Maister of Arte of both Universities†; in 1598 Meres published a work which has proven most valuable in dating Shakespeare's plays, for he mentions many of them, and in the most laudatory terms.In Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, Meres begins by praising Shakespeare's poetry the two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, and the Sonnets – then compares Shakespeare to Plautus in comedy and to Seneca in tragedy: Shakespeare was â€Å"not of an age, but for all time. † ? These are the words of Shakespeare's great friend and contemporary, Ben Jonson. The quotation comes from Jonson's poem, To the memory of my belove d, found in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works, published in 1623. Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) ? There is no simple explanation forShakespeare’s unrivaled popularity, but he remains our greatest entertainer and perhaps our most profound thinker. He had a remarkable knowledge of human behavior, which he was able to communicate through his portrayal of a wide variety of characters. ? His mastery of poetic language and of the techniques of drama enabled him to combine these multiple viewpoints, human motives, and actions to produce a uniquely compelling theatrical experience. SHAKESPEARE’S EARLY YEARS English playwright William Shakespeare was born in a small house on Henley Street in Stratford-uponAvon in April 1564.The third of eight children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent glove-maker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare probably attended the Stratford grammar school, the King’s New School. Shakespeare’s Birthplace Stratford upon Avon On November 27, 1582, a license was issued to permit Shakespeare’s marriage, at the age of 18, to Anne Hathaway, aged 26 and the daughter of a Warwickshire farmer.The couple’s first daughter, Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583, and twins Hamnet and Judith who were named for their godparents, neighbors Hamnet and Judith Sadler followed on February 2, 1585. Anne Hathaway? s Cottage Charlecote Park, Sir Thomas Lucy? s Property Sometime after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare apparently left Stratford, but no records have turned up to reveal his activity between their birth and his presence in London in 1592, when he was already at work in the theater. Shakespeare? s biographers sometimes refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as â€Å"the lost years. Speculations about this period abound. An unsubstantiated report claims Shakespeare left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Another theory has him leaving for London with a theater troupe that had performed in Stratford in 1587. SHAKESPEARE IN LONDON ? Shakespeare seems to have arrived in London about 1588, and by 1592 he had attained sufficient success as an actor and a playwright to attract the venom of Greene, an anxious rival. SOME OF SHAKESPEARE’S CONTEMPORARIES HENRY WRIOTHESLEY RICHARD BURBAGE WILLIAM KEMPECRISTOPHER MARLOWE ? In 1594 Shakespeare became the member of Lord Chamberlain’s men and was active in the formation of famous theatre, the Globe. London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) Shakespeare’s Last Years Shakespeare's company erected the storied Globe Theatre circa 1598 in London's Bankside district. It was one of four major theatres in the area, along with the Swan, th e Rose, and the Hope. After about 1608 Shakespeare began to write fewer plays. In 1613 fire destroyed the Globe Theatre during a performance of Henry VIII.Although the Globe was quickly rebuilt, Shakespeare? s association with it – and probably with the company – had ended. Around the time of the fire, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he had established his family and become a prominent citizen. Shakespeare? s daughter Susanna had married John Hall, a doctor with a thriving practice in Stratford, in 1607. His younger daughter, Judith, married a Stratford winemaker, Thomas Quiney, in 1616. ? Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 – the month and day traditionally assigned to his birth – and was buried in Stratford’s Holy Trinity Church.He had made his will the previous month, ? in perfect health and memory.? The cause of his death is not known, though a report from the Holy Trinity’s vicar in the 1660s claims that he ? died of a fever â₠¬ ¦ contracted after a night of drinking with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton, friends and fellow writers?. ? England’s greatest playwright, William Shakespeare was buried in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. His epitaph reads: ? Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, ? To digg the dvst encloased heare. ? Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones, ? And cvrst be he yt moves my bones.Trinity Church – Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Authorship Debate ? The Shakespeare authorship debate continues to rage unabated. ? The traditional camp (Stratfordian's) maintain that the famous Bard was indeed a poet, playwright and an actor. ? Critics known as â€Å"Oxfordian? s† argue that a more likely contender may have been Edward De Vere (1550-1604), Christopher Marlowe, Sir Francis Bacon, Derby or even Queen Elizabeth herself! Shakespeare’s Works and their chronology (apud Halliday) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1589-1590 1. Henry VI 15 90 – 1591 – 2.Henry VI 1592 – 1593 Richard III Titus Andronicus Venus and Adonis 1592 – 1598 Sonnets 1593 – 1594 The Comedy of Errors The Taming of the Shrew The Rape of Lucrece 1594 – 1595 The Two gentlemen of Verona Love? s Labours Lost 1595 – 1596 Romeo and Juliet Richard II A Midsummer Night? s Dream 1596 – 1597 King John The Merchant of Venice 1597 – 1598 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV 1598 – 1599 Much ado About Nothing Henry V The Merry Wives of Windsor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1599 – 1600 Julius Caesar As You Like It Twelfth Night 1600 – 1601 Hamlet 1601 – 1602 Troilus and Cressida 1602 – 1603 All? Well that Ends Well Othello 1603 – 1604 Measure for measure 1604 – 1605 Timon of Athens 1605 – 1606 King Lear Macbeth 1606 – 1607 Antony and Cleopatra 1607 – 1608 Coriolanus 1608 – 1609 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 1609 – 1610 Cymbeline 1610 – 1611 The Winter? s Tale 1611 – 1612 The Tempest 1612 – 1613 Henry VIII (1613 – 1614) The Two Noble Kinsmen The First Folio ? The â€Å"First Folio† is of major importance to William Shakespeare as it is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. The copperengraving picture of William Shakespeare is signed Martin Droeshout on the title-page of the „First Folio? 1623). Famous Quotes ? Juliet: â€Å"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. † Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2) Juliet or The Blue Necklace (1898) by John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes ? Hamlet: There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. Hamlet Act 1, scene 5, 159–167 Ophelia (1894) – John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes Hamlet: What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in act ion how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! he beauty of the world, the paragon of animals – and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. Rosencrantz: My lord, there was no such stuff in my thoughts. Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 303–312 John William Waterhouse Ophelia – blue dress (1905) Famous Quotes ? Jaques: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. ? As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, 139–143John William Waterhouse Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (1909) Famous Quotes Macbeth: ? To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth Act 5, scene 5, 19–28 John William Waterhouse The Magic Circle (study) (1886) Famous QuotesProspero: ? †¦We are such stuff As dreams are made on; and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. ? The Tempest Act 4, scene 1, 148–158 John William Waterhouse Miranda – The Tempest (1916) Famous Quotes Hamlet: ? To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to: 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd.To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there's the rub: For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we hav e shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause—there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life†¦ Hamlet Act 3, scene 1, 55–87 Sir Laurence Olivier (1907 – 1989) as Hamlet Shakespeare, Our Contemporary Hamlet's Soliloquy ? Since first performed in the early 1600s, the title role in William Shakespeare's Hamlet has remained a favorite of many actors because of the emotional complexity of Hamlet's personality. Nowhere is this complexity more apparent than in Hamlet's famous soliloquy in Act III, Scene 1.The soliloquy is a monologue in which a character reveals inner thoughts, motivations, and feelings. Shakespeare used the technique often, and his soliloquies are poetic and rich in imagery. In Hamlet, a play about a man whose mind may be his fatal flaw, the form reaches its highest level. The Structure of Shakespearean Tragedy as devised by Andrew Cecil Bradley ? Andrew Cecil Bradley (1851–1935) was an English literary scholar, best remembe red for his work on Shakespeare ? The outcome of his five years as Professor of Poetry at Oxford University were A. C.Bradley’s two major works, Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). Bradley's pedagogical manner and his self-confidence made him a real guide for many students to the meaning of Shakespeare. His influence on Shakespearean criticism was so great that the following anonymous poem appeared: I dreamt last night that Shakespeare’s Ghost Sat for a civil service post. The English paper for that year Had several questions on King Lear Which Shakespeare answered very badly Because he hadn’t read his Bradley. (Hawkes 1986 as cited in Taylor 2001: 46)CONSTRUCTION IN SHAKESPEARE'S TRAGEDIES ? As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. ? A. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises; and it may, therefore, be called the exposition. ? B. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. ? C.The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. ? The application of this scheme of division is naturally more or less arbitrary. The first part glides into the second, and the second into the third, and there may often be difficulty in drawing the lines between them. A. The Exposition ? ? ? The role of the exposition is to introduce us into a little world of persons; to show us their positions in life, their circumstances, their relations to one another, and perhaps something of their characters; and to leave us keenly interested in the question of what will come out of this condition of things.We are left thus expectant. This situation is not one of conflict, but it threatens conflict. For example, in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† we see first the hatred of the Montagues and Capulets; and then we see Romeo ready to fall violently in love; and then we hear talk of a marriage between Juliet and Paris; but the exposition is not complete, and the conflict has not definitely begun to arise, till, in the last scene of the First Act, Romeo the Montague sees Juliet the Capulet and falls in love with her.Sir Frank Dicksee – Romeo And Juliet, 1884 Some Shakespearean â€Å"Tricks† ? ? ? When Shakespeare begins his exposition he generally at first makes people talk about the hero, but keeps the hero himself for some time out of sight, so that we await his entrance with curiosity and sometimes with anxiety. On the other hand, if the play opens with a quiet conversation, this is usually brief, and then at once the hero enters and takes action of some decided kind. For instance, compare the beginning of Macbeth to that of King Lear.In the latter the tone is so low that the conversation between Kent, Gloster and Edmund is written in prose (although they are of noble extraction). At the thirty-fourth line it is broken off by the entrance of Lear and his court, and without delay the King proceeds to his fatal division of the kingdom. William Dyce – King Lear and the Fool in the Storm (c. 1851) ? This tragedy illustrates another practice of Shakespeare's. King Lear has a secondary plot, that which concerns Glouchester and his two sons.To make the beginning of this plot quite clear, and to mark it off from the main action, Shakespeare gives it a separate exposition. ? In Hamlet, though the plot is single, there is a little group of characters possessing a certain independent interest, – Polonius, his son, and his daughter; and so the third scene is devoted wholly to them. B. The Conflict ? The construction of a Shaksepearean tragedy is based on the fight between two opposing sides i n the conflict. They are of almost equal strength and it is difficult to guess which of them is to win.They are victorious in turn, until the conflict reaches its climax. In some tragedies the opposing forces can be identified with opposing persons or groups. So it is in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and â€Å"Macbeth†. But it is not always so. The love of Othello may be said to contend with another force, as the love of Romeo does; but Othello cannot be said to contend with Iago as Romeo contends with the representatives of the hatred of the houses, or as Macbeth contends with Malcolm and Macduff. ? Thomas Stothard, The Meeting of Othello and Desdemona (c. 1799)Ups, downs and suspense ? ? ? There is, all through the tragedy, a constant alternation of rises and falls in this tension or in the emotional pitch of the work, a regular sequence of more exciting and less exciting sections. The sequence of events within the conflict, is also based on the principle of alternation. L et us call the two sides in the conflict A and B. All through the conflict we shall find a regular alternation of smaller advances and withdrawals; first A seeming to win some ground, and then the counteraction of B being shown.And since we always more or less decidedly prefer A to B or B to A, the result of this oscillating movement is a constant alternation of hope and fear, causing suspense. Dagnan-Bouveret Hamlet and the Gravediggers ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In Hamlet the conflict begins with the hero's feigning to be insane from disappointment in love, and we are shown his immediate success in convincing Polonius. Let us call this an advance of A. The next scene shows the King's great uneasiness about Hamlet's melancholy, and his skepticism as to Polonius's explanation of its cause: advance of B.Hamlet completely baffles Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who have been sent to discover his secret, and he arranges for the test of the play scene: advance of A. But immediately before the play sce ne his soliloquy on suicide fills us with misgiving; and his words to Ophelia, overheard, so convince the King that love is not the cause of his nephew's strange behavior, that he determines to get rid of him by sending him to England: advance of B. The play scene proves a complete success: decided advance of A.Directly after it Hamlet spares the King at prayer, and in an interview with his mother kills Polonius, and so gives his enemy a perfect excuse for sending him away (to be executed): decided advance of B, a. s. o. This oscillating movement can be traced without difficulty in any of the tragedies. C. The Catastrophe ? The oscillating movement continues right up to the catastrophe. ? There is a critical point in the action, which proves also to be a turning point.It is critical sometimes in the sense that, until it is reached, the conflict is not, so to speak, clenched; one of the two sets of forces might subside, or a reconciliation might somehow be effected; while, as soon as it is reached, we feel this can no longer be. It is critical also because the advancing force has apparently asserted itself victoriously, gaining, if not all it could wish, still a very substantial advantage; whereas really it is on the point of turning downward toward its fall. This crisis, as a rule, comes somewhere near the middle of the play. ?Alexandre-Marie Colin. The Three Witches from â€Å"Macbeth,† 1827. This movement is most clear in Julius Caesar and Macbeth. In the former the fortunes of the conspiracy rise with vicissitudes up to the crisis of the assassination (III. i. ); they then sink with vicissitudes to the catastrophe, where Brutus and Cassius perish. In the latter, Macbeth, hurrying, in spite of much inward resistance, to the murder of Duncan, attains the crown, the upward movement being extraordinarily rapid, and the crisis arriving early: his cause then turns slowly downward, and soon hastens to ruin.In both these tragedies the simplicity of the const ructional effect depends on the fact that the contending forces may be identified with certain persons, and on the fact that the defeat of one side is the victory of the other. Octavius and Antony, Malcolm and Macduff, are left standing over the bodies of their foes. ? Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.Charles Kean and his wife as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in costumes aiming to be historically accurate (1858). ? This is not so in Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, because here, although the hero perishes, the side opposed to him, being the more faulty or evil, cannot be allowed to triumph when he falls. Otherwise the type of construction is the same. The fortunes of Romeo and Juliet rise and culminate in their marriage (II. vi. ), and then begin to decline before the opposition of their houses, which, aided by accidents, produces a cat astrophe, but is thereupon converted into a remorseful reconciliation.Hamlet's cause reaches its zenith in the success of the play-scene (III. ii. ). Thereafter the reaction makes way, and he perishes through the plot of the King and Laertes. But they are not allowed to survive their success. Frederick Leighton – The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets over the Dead Bodies of Romeo and Juliet, 1853-5 The Play Scene in Hamlet by Daniel Maclise (1806-70) ? http://elizabethan. org/compendium/home. html ? http://www. elizabethan-era. org. uk/elizabethan-england. htm ? http://www. britainexpress. com/History/Elizabethan_life. htm

The level of interest within Generation Y towards social network Essay

The level of interest within Generation Y towards social network marketing - Essay Example This study would further help marketers to understand the tools that would work for both generations and how to effectively target these generations. The research would also be helpful for the developers of SNSs as it would provide them with an insight towards the users and the needs of the market. They would then be able to develop or modify their social network according to the needs of the target market. This may even help in developing a better SNS and its business end. Social Networking has become the greatest trend in the last few decades. People from all generations are linking with their friends and families through social networking. In this respect, social networking provides a great opportunity for marketers to target all kinds of generations and specifically Generation Y. Generation Y is the generation that was born between 1978 and 1991. This generation is also known as the Net Generation on account on their frequent use of the internet. Generation Y has been recorded as the greatest users of social networking with Generation X slowly catching up. Generation X is the generation born between the early 1960s and the early 1980s. Generation Y has been brought up at a time when technology was at its peak and thus this Generation grew up with the Internet. This was a reason that Generation Y was quick to get addicted to social networks. They even developed social networks in the form of Facebook and quickly became every day users. Generation Y saw these sites as a way of presenting them selves and their opinions. They made maximum use of the features of social networks by uploading pictures, videos, comments, tweets, status etc in order to connect with their friends. Generation Y remains connected with their friends through these networks and even relies on these friends to guide them in their purchasing decisions. Generation X, on the other hand, was not the initial users of social networks but being flexible, they quickly adopted the trend. Generation X’s usage of social networks has grown rapidly in the last few years as this generation uses social networks mainly to maintain their connection with their friends and family and also to remain updated with the latest trends. In order to target this generation, marketers have to rely on honesty since honesty sells for this generation. This generation demands respect from their brands and loyalty is earned through consistent performance. 1.2 Significance of the Study The growing popularity of social networking sites (SNSs)

Police corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Police corruption - Research Paper Example However, meat eaters are those corrupt police officers that intentionally and knowingly participate in activities of corruption and spend a considerable deal of time looking for such activities and situation from where they could extract personal gains. Furthermore, these police officers satisfy their conscience through reaffirming themselves that the people that target such as pimps, drug dealers and gamblers deserve such treatment and exploitation because they are destroying the society. Although, on a global level, police corruption levels within the United States may not be alarming enough, in absolute terms, police corruption is becoming a concern for the criminal justice system. For example, a recent study conducted in 13 different stats found out that only 56 percent of the people viewed police officers as having high and respectable ethical standard as compared to the 89 percent people that feel the same about nurses (Prenzler, p. 202). Furthermore, unlike other crimes and societal issues, it is difficult to uncover police corruption or obtain statistics about the same. Police officers are trained individuals to deal with crime and therefore, even if they are corrupt or involved in crimes, they know how to cover their tracks. Furthermore, whistle blowing can be extremely dangerous, life threatening and rare steps in the police department as evident from the case of Franck Serpico in the early 1970s. Nevertheless, over the past few decades, many scandals have appeared on the surface, which indicate that substantial police corruption is prevalent in several police department all across the United States (Office of International Criminal Justice, p. 16). Consider the example of Los Angeles Police Department Rampant Division in the late 1990s, which was rocked to its sheer core when the Rampant Scandal broke which implicated more than 6 dozen police officers in several misconducts. From unlawful shooting to

Multiple Regression Empirical Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Multiple Regression Empirical Project - Essay Example A billion dollar increase in net exports holding consumption and direct foreign investments constant leads to 0.47 billion dollar increase in GDP. Considering consumption alone, it was found out that a billion dollar increase in consumption leads to 1.43 billion dollars increase in GDP and that consumption levels explains 99.84% of the total variations in GDP [r2 (60) = 0.9984]. Further, taking foreign direct investments alone, it was found that a billion dollar increase in foreign direct investment leads to 5.33 billion dollars increase in GDP. This model was found to be significant at 5% level of significance and that FDI explains 96.39% of the total variations in GDP Lastly, a billion dollar increase in net exports led to 17.47 billion dollars decrease in GDP and the model with NE alone was found to be significant at 5% level of significance and that NE explains 54.41% of the total variations in GDP. This study aimed at determining the impact of responsible consumption, foreign direct investments and net exports and employed the use of secondary data to proof the objectives. Different writers have argued that consumptions and investments are the key variables on which the GDP depends most. However, other variables like irresponsible consumptions, political un-rests, environmental degradation, and lack of government priorities translate to irresponsible spending are some other factors which should be taken care of for GDP to grow. GDP is the cumulative amount of goods/services which a country produces within a given year (Hall and Mishkin 1982; Hill 1992). When GDP changes, then a country is said to have experienced economic growth (if positive change) and economic melt-down (if negative growth-previous year’s performance is better than current year’s). Factors like level of consumption, direct foreign investments and net exports are some of the factors which contribute to positive GDP growth, hence economic growth (Haron 2005). High direct foreign

EMAS Advantages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EMAS Advantages - Essay Example The System depth gradually increases as the airplane travels into the arrestor crib, providing increasing deceleration when needed by faster or heavier aircraft. Aircraft run out distance gets determined by the airplane bed configuration size, weight and speed (Richard de Neufville, 2003). At most commercial airfields, the RSA remains 500 feet wide extending 1000ft beyond each runway end. The FAA has this requisite in an event that an airplane of the overruns, undershoots, or swings off the sides of the runway (Richard de Neufville, 2003). The greatest danger of these incidents remain overruns, but since many airdromes got built before the 1000ft RSA length got adopted 20 years ago, the range beyond the runway end remains where many airdromes cannot achieve the full RSA standard. This is due to complications such as water bodies, highways, railroads and severe drop-off of terrain or populated areas (Richard de Neufville, 2003). The FAA devours a high - priority program of enhancing safety by advancement of the RSA at commercial airports and provides federal aid to support those advancements. However, it still can not be feasible for some airports to attain the RSA standard. The FAA, perceptive that it would be hard to achieve a RSA standard at every airport, began steering research in the end of 20th century to determine how to guarantee maximum safety at airdromes where the full RSA may not be obtained. Working in performance with the Dayton University, the New York Port Authority and the ESCO (Engineered Arresting Systems Corporation) the new technology developed to provide an additional measure of safety (Richard de Neufville, 2003). This system remains a cost - effective approach of improving safety where the runway safety area distance stays limited by site circumstances. The range of airplane operating at each airfield and available overrun distance in each runway gets

Sports Nutrition Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sports Nutrition Project - Essay Example For those performing intense training of 2 hours or more, the carbohydrate requirement is 3-4 grams per pound per day. According to sports nutrition experts, an average male performing exercise and strength training workouts of regularly must consume atleast 400-600 grams of carbohydrate per day to maintain high muscle glycogen stores (Quinn, 2011). 2. Take moderate protein intake: After vigorous exercise, athletes need protein to rebuild and repair the muscle tissue that is broken down during intense exercise. Since protein is the basic building material for muscle tissue, increased protein intake must be there to increase muscle size. The recommended protein intake for an athlete is 0.6-0.8 grams of protein per pound per day. Adequate protein intake can be gained by eating health diet that includes eggs, low fat dairy, lean meat like chicken and fish, fruits, legumes and nut. Some athletes prefer to increase their protein intake by taking protein bars and energy drinks. The protein intake must not exclude 1 gram per pound per day (Quinn, 2011). 3. Fat is also an essential nutrient, but the intake must be less than 30 percent of total daily calories. The intake must come from lean meats and fish, olive oil, seeds, nuts and avocados (Lambert et al, 2004). 4. Water intake must be adequate and fluids lost through exercise must be replaced. In order to make sure that fluid intake is adequate, 2 cups of water must be consumed 2 hours before exercise and 4-8 ounces must be taken every 15-20 minutes during workout sessions. After exercise, 16 ounces must be taken (Quinn, 2011). 5. It is important to consume some protein and carbohydrate after exercise to help muscle growth and replenishment of glycogen stores in the muscle. The optimum ratio of carbohydrate and protein is 4:1. It is important not to eat more protein than required because it can slow the replenishment of glycogen stores and also delays rehydration (Quinn, 2011). Recommendations to increase muscle bulk (Australian Institute of Sports, 2009): 1. Since muscles need good stimulation to grow, exercise training, especially aerobic exercises are essential for the muscles to grow. 2. A positive energy balance of 2000-4000 Kilojoules per day is necessary. Thus, the dietary intake must be increased. The first to focus on is the carbohydrate. Excess protein can get oxidized and get converted to saturated fat. Increased intake of fatty foods can result in increased gaining of fat mass rather than muscle mass. 3. Athletes must eat and drink frequently, rather than increasing the quantity consumed during each meal. Snacks containing high energy foods must be carried. Useful foods for snacking are fruit smoothies, milk shakes, liquid meal supplements, sports bars, cereal bars and favored dairy foods. 4. It is important for the athlete to be consistent and patient and aim at increasing body mass by 2-4 kg per month. Diet plan for 3 days Day-1 Quantity of food required to provide high carbohydra te and high protein needs for the athlete Amount of carbohydrate (g) Amount of protein (g) Breakfast 2 cups cereal 300 ml milk 2 slices toast 2 tablespoons jam 1 cup juice 39 16 30 36 19 6 12 8 0 2 Lunch 2 bread rolls each with 50 g chicken + salad 1 banana 1 fruit bun 250 ml flavoured low fat milk 78 20 34 17 41 2 6 13 Dinner Stir-fry with 2 cups pasta + 100 g meat + 1 cup vegetables 1 cup jelly + 1 cup custard 100 82 50 13 Snacks 750 ml sports drink 1 carton yoghurt 1 piece fruit 1

Socrates and plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Socrates and plato - Essay Example From this case, he followed common sense on the issues in order to rid his findings of any influence from preconceived ideas (Sanctasapientia). Plato, with Socrates as his teacher in philosophy, applied knowledge learnt from Socrates to come up with his own theories. This is through skills learnt from him, such as Socratic thinking that lacked prior conceptions, which are likely to influence findings. Socrates applies dialectic questioning to real life issues, which Plato later uses to his own advantage and creation of knowledge. The above is as seen in the case of the definition of philosophy as â€Å"love of wisdom†, as put by Socrates. On the other hand, Plato, following example of his teacher, defines philosophy by adding more terms and a broader scope based on the dynamism of knowledge and wisdom. This was done by adding a touch of metaphysics and epistemology to make it appear that no knowledge can be fully known, but can only be experienced in part (Plato and Socrates). Therefore, the relationship between Socrates and Plato is quite strong based on the formers influence on the latter. This is concerning the overt, direct impact on their teachings in philosophy and ways of creating

The Diamond Necklace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Diamond Necklace - Essay Example There is no discernable reason for why the necklace was lost. Of course the loss itself can be attributed to the displaced mind of Mathilde as she was dancing in the ball or even the manner in which she decided to find a cab in the cold but in essence, it seems that she was simply fated to lose it. Her dreams of being the darling of the ball certainly came true but it must be noted that in the story itself the men around her seem to be greatly enamored by her charm and beauty rather than the diamonds on her neck. Of course, she might have owed a great deal of her confidence to the diamonds she was wearing but she didn’t notice that she had lost them till she had come back home from the ball. This loss and the drama which unfolded afterwards could have been entirely different had she not focused no appearing to be beautiful and had let her natural charms shine through. However, her thinking that she was inferior to others simply because she did not have their trappings and accessories only led to misery towards her. Further, her decision to lie to her friend and seek to replace the necklace might have gone differently had she confessed to her friend and found out the truth about the diamonds earlier rather than replacing a fake set of diamonds with a real one by taking loans she and her husband had to work for years to repay. Placed in the same situation, I would have certainly gone and confessed to the friend. At worst, I would have still gone through and begged or borrowed to recover the loss for my friend but in that case I would at least have a chance of knowing that the set was a fake one. Further, this confession and the immense guilt which Mathilde had shown at the loss might have made the friend forgive and forget about the necklace if she were a kind soul. Another thing which she could have done, if Mathilde was not too worried about the ethics of the matter, is that she could have replaced the set

Dinosaur ridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dinosaur ridge - Essay Example On the 20th September 2014, I visited the famous Denver Dinosaur Ridge for a practical activity that involved fossil examination, gold panning, mineral recognition and dinosaur track printing. The place has experts and representatives from FODR geologists who help in the analyses of the geographical activities. For instance, the experts take students and visitors through the faulting, volcanic and earthquake processes that took place in the area. However, the geohazards occur in different ways due to the geological structure of the terrain and the localities of the features. This implies that the influence of the geohazards may vary in separate places depending on the geological composition in that area. The impacts of earth tremors on plain lands cause minimum risks compared to the one on rugged terrains. For instance, earthquakes on barren lands might cause destructions to properties, especially in congested areas. According to the FODR experts, volcanic ash bends are the common influence of geohazard processes at the Denver Dinosaur Ridge. This is because of the dumping nature of the volcanic bends during eruptions as was evidenced at the Colorado disaster. The experts further indicated that the determination of the geohazard activities is undertaken through checking on the mineral zircon crystals. This model considers the date of the rocks and their nature that might contribute to the breaking. It emerged that the volcanic ash bends had taken place over 100 million years ago because of the nature of the rocks and the number of mineral zircon minerals found. Geohazard activities may have also occurred at the Karst Hazards in the recent years. The formation of the Karst Hazard occurs because of the sinkholes that damage the infrastructure. It is evident that the sinkholes dissolve in the underlying limestone, exposing the infrastructure, such as roads or buildings, to risks of collapsing or sinking

English Traffic Light Curious Incident Essay Example for Free

English Traffic Light Curious Incident Essay Mark Haddon uses Christopher’s explanation of his confusion to create sympathy for Christopher throughout the book. Christopher is a 15 year old boy with Asperger’s Syndrome. Christopher is extremely intelligent when it comes to maths and science. However, in the common cases of communicating normally, he struggles. He rejects being touched, and when he has absorbed too much information, he can’t handle it; he crouches on the floor and groans. His life is not a normal one; he goes to a special school, has no one he talks to who is of the same age, follows a strict timetable and lives alone with his father. This thing that Haddon has included creates endless sympathy for Christopher. In Chapter 29, Christopher reveals and justifies why he hates metaphors. He thinks that metaphors ‘should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day and people do not have skeletons in their cupboards. ’ This is an example of how Christopher doesn’t think like other people. This makes you have sympathy for him because he doesn’t understand that metaphors are used for; making things more interesting, to make more sense of things by finding similarities. In addition, Christopher’s tone, narrative voice, also contributes to the sympathy for Christopher. The very easy and comprehensible language uses makes you understand how he thinks; ‘And then it started to rain and I got wet and I started shivering because I was cold. And then it was 11:32 p. m. and I heard voices of people walking along the street. ’ After each chapter in the book, which go up in prime numbers, with parts of the actual story, Christopher tends to babble on about memories, calculations and ideas, which sometimes can be slightly boring. Nonetheless; they show how Christopher thinks. This makes you feel sympathy for him because he clearly finds it difficult to focus on one thing; ‘The Hound of the Baskervilles is my favourite book. ’ And it shows that he can only understand maths and science because that’s mainly what he always talks about. Furthermore, the way Christopher expresses his love for his father is different from the usual hug; ‘He held up his right hand and spread his fingers out in a fan. I held up my left hand and spread my fingers out I a fan and we made our fingers and thumbs touch each other. We do this because sometimes Father wants to give me a hug, but I do not like hugging people, so we do this instead, and it means that he loves me. ’ This makes you feel sympathy for him because he can’t spread simple signs and messages to communicate love to people in the same way you’d expect or would find normal. Moreover, he has a strict routine timetable which is unlike others; (pg 192) To add to it, he finds it hard to distinguish between a smiling face and a crying one. (pg2)

Safe Use Of Online Shopping

Safe Use Of Online Shopping When you use the internet, it doesnt matter where you are in person. You can view the same web pages and shop on the same online store without having to physically enter the store. This provides huge advantages for online shopping over conventional shopping. No traffic hassles, no parking problems, no fighting the crowds of people visiting in the shopping center! Before the World Wide Web, people used to shop around looking for the best gift for the best price. Now, the story is a different. You can do everything youre your own home 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can browse and select products; purchase and gift wrap; and even organize delivery of the goods online, anytime and anywhere in the world. But, just like any other good thingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.there are risks that come with online shopping. You can easily become a victim of phishing, identity theft and fraud. So you must take precautions to ensure that you and your family are always safe when youre shopping online. As noted many times in this book, the most common examples of online fraud are phishing scams, auction fraud, credit card fraud and online shopping fraud. In chapter 4 we have looked a number of examples of how these scams work. If you are unfamiliar with these scams please review them before continuing. Defense in Depth is the Best Security Strategy As I have said many times, everyone has to take responsibility to protect them from online fraud. You are a wise person because you are educating yourself about internet fraud by learning and adopting simple proven internet safety practices. In chapters 16 17, we looked at protecting your home computer network using a Defense in Depth security strategy. Here, we looked at seven different layers of security. If youre not sure about this strategy then you should re-read this chapter. This is the best security strategy you can use when youre shopping online. This chapter builds on the principle taught in these chapters. Fighting Against Spam If you intend to surf the Internet, then the best thing you can do is to install an internet security suite. Many internet security suites like Nortons Internet Security have spam phishing filters as a standard features or at worst an optional downloads. The spam filters use in-built rules to detect and filter spam phishing e-mail into separate files. Spam filters also blacklist the offending mail preventing it from reaching you. If your spam filter is working well, you will never see the spam unless you locate the file in the security directory and view it. However, even if you have the best anti-spam software in the world, spam can still evade your spam filter and end up in your inbox. You also need to know how to detect spam and deal with it correctly. Here are some of the important features that you should look for when choosing the ideal spam filtering subscriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.accuracy and false-positive rating. Accuracy ratings refer to the percentage of legitimate e-mails that successfully reaches the users inbox after being filtered. The accuracy of several spam filtering subscriptions are continually being tested by passing thousands of e-mails through the spam filter. Today, a spam accuracy rating of 80% is very poor. You should expect a minimum rating of 95% and some anti-spam subscriptions have accuracy ratings as high as 98% to 99%. The False-Positive rating is the percentage of legitimate e-mails that have been wrongly identified as spam. This rating should be less than 1%. Different computer publications such as PCWorld and PCMagazine offer reports on the accuracy and false-positive ratings of spam filtering subscriptions. The cost of spam-filtering subscriptions has to be measured against the services it providesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.ultimately you get what you pay for! A subscription may be expensive but it may be worth paying for its quality features, speed and control. Sometimes choosing a lower cost provider means paying more in lost time and poor output performance. A good spam filter should fit your specific needs. It should be flexible in its configuration so that it meets your needs. It should also provide automatic updates. There are some simple rules that you should follow: When you detect spam in the email box, never respond to the spammer. Avoid opening your spam messages at allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.just delete it. Whenever a pop-up window appears from someone you dont knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦just delete it! They are mostly scams. Do not close your mail box or blog without signing off completely. Use usernames and passwords that are hard to guess. You should review Chapter 17 for rules about creating and using strong passwords. How does shopping online increase the risk of identity theft? Using shopping carts in unsecured websites dramatically increases the risk of you becoming a victim of identity theft. I learnt that lesson the hard way! In chapter 1, I told you my story as to how I twice became an identity theft. The first time was 1995 by people with whom I shared a residence. At the time, this was the most common method of identity theft. In 2001, I became a victim of identity theft victim a second time. Online shopping sites were in their infancy and internet security technology was not as advanced as it is today. Unfortunately, I made a credit card payment for a product sold on an unsecured website. My personal data was stolen and my credit card was charged with a number of fraudulent purchases. Fortunately, I discovered the fraud early and the bank was able to stop it and limit the damage. Be warned! There are still unsecure online shopping sites operating today. Please do not use them! In chapters 3 4 our story, our poor fall guy Victor, uses the internet for online shopping. He has no sense of security and suffers immensely. If you are not sure about what can happen to you when you are on the internet, then you would do well to reread these chapters. Learn how to read a websites privacy policy One of the most important steps to protecting your privacy is to be able to know how to read a websites privacy policy. Australian privacy laws dont enforce the use of privacy policies or the information that should be included in the policy or how it should be presented. Further there is no industry body which regulates online privacy policies. Therefore you should know what to look for when reading the privacy policy of the website you are visiting. You should expect that a privacy policy be made available to you in writing if you are asked to provide personal information. In the bricks and mortar world, financial institutions, health facilities or other businesses that collect your private information, can be asked to show you their privacy policy before you give them that information. If the company does not you with a privacy policy, then you should consider doing business elsewhere. Websites should show of respect to their customers and tell them how their information will be used. In the online world, you will find privacy policies posted on their websites. The privacy policy tells you the steps they will take to protect your identity or to inform you of how they will treat the information you provide to them. Simply having a privacy policy does not guarantee you any level of protection, at all. However, to understand what information is protected and what is shared you must read the websites privacy policy. Each website has its own criteria for its privacy policy. Some websites give full protection including encryption of passwords. Further, they will not provide your information to any third party. Other websites will tell you that your information will be shared with any affiliated companies or business they feel you would be interested in hearing from. Therefore, you must read the policy to be aware of the steps being taken to protect you. Here are some of the items to look for on a privacy policy: What Information is Collected and Why? When a business is requesting personal information from you, it is reasonable to ask what information will be collected and why it is needed. If they request information that isnt relevant the website should clearly state why they need it. If there is no explanation for the request try to avoid giving the additional information or ask them why they need it. Asking for your income or the name of your spouse is the kind of information you might question providing without reasonable cause. How is the Information Collected? While filling out paper forms are straight forward in the bricks and mortar world, providing information is very different in the online world. You need to find out from websites how the information is being collected. Information can be collected in web forms or by electronically behind the scenes programs called cookies that are automatically installed on the visitors computer. Cookies track information about the web pages users click on, how long they spend there and the web address. This information can be tracked with or without your consent. Usually it is done to facilitate the companys marketing research or to assist you by using your information from previous visits. You should be able to find out what information is automatically stored by reading the privacy policy. What is the Information used for? If the online business asks for your personal or financial information you have a right to know what it will be used for. You must know if it is only used to complete the transaction? Or will they view a purchase as permission from you to market to you again in the future? Or will they sell your private information to other businesses? This information should be available in the websites privacy policy and information on how you can opt-out if you wish. Who Will Have Access to Your Information? Will the private information you have provided be sold or rented to other people or businesses? Will the website share your name, email address or purchasing habits with other affiliated businesses? These policies should be clearly outlined in the privacy policy. If they do sell or rent the names on their list, then you may wish to limit the information you provide to themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or deal with them. Watch out for terms like partners, affiliates or sponsors, since you will have no idea who will be receiving your private information. How Secure is Your Information? What steps has the website taken to protect your personal information? Any transaction where you enter and submit personal information should have SSL (Secure Socket Layers). SSL will encrypt the information so that it cant be read by others during transmission. We will discuss website security in detail later in this chapter. Can You Correct Your Personal Information? You should be able to review and/or correct information that will be collected about you. The steps should be clearly stated in the privacy policy and should be convenient and inexpensive. Can You Opt-Out? Wherever your information may be shared you have the right to opt-out. In some cases you can click an opt-in or opt-out box when entering your information. Make sure that these small boxes havent already checked as default, since legally you are implying that you are accepting the offer even if you havent personally checked the box. The privacy policy should also give you directions on how you can opt-out if you werent given the option when you entered your information. While this list is not exhaustive these are the main features you should look for in a websites privacy policy. The other information that should always be listed in the websites privacy page is a contact name, address and telephone number. You should always be able to speak to a real person regarding the websites privacy policy. How do you detect online shopping scams? Scammers love online shopping because it is very easy for them to target victims. Shoppers have to distinguish between an honest trader and a scammer. This is not as easy as you may think! Scammers are professional sales people who use proven social engineering techniques to trick you into doing something you wouldnt normally do. For example, scammers may pretend to sell you a product online at very cheap prices; but they are actually looking for your credit card or bank account details. They may take your money and send you a faulty or worthless product or even send you nothing at all. The important thing is that when they make a sale, they have captured what they wantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..your sensitive data like name, address, credit card number, bank accounts etc. They have tricked you into giving them your sensitive details in exchange for a worthless product! Buyer Protection Schemes Many online businesses put a lot of effort into protecting their customers from scammers. Some websites provide buyer protection schemes that will cover you if you are the victim of fraud. Credit card companies Visa and MasterCard; payment processing companies PayPal ClickBank; and banks around the world have buyer protection schemes. If you buy something through eBay or PayPal and it never arrives, or if it arrives significantly different than originally described by the seller, then youre eligible for a full refund. Check out PayPals Buyer Protection policy, and learn how to open a dispute. If you ever see a transaction in your PayPal account that you didnt authorize, you should report it immediately to PayPal. They will begin an investigation and help you get your money back. You can learn more about this process here. You should also be aware of sellers on online auction sites. They may offer to make a deal to you outside of the terms of eBay website. This is usually a good sign of a scam. You will also lose any fraud protection that eBay may provide. You must stay one step ahead of the scammers. The SCAMwatch website provides detailed advice about online shopping auction scams, internet scams and many other scams that target you. You can learn how scams work, how to protect yourself, and report a scam via SCAMwatch. Basic Tips for protecting yourself when shopping online Here are some important safety tips for online shopping: Use your credit card instead of a debit card: Credit cards offer better protection against identity theft than debit cards. For instance, when you use a credit card, your liability for any fraudulent charges is maximum $50, on the condition that you report the fraud within 30 to 60 days and you werent party to the fraud. On the other hand, when someone gains access to your debit card, and they clean your savings account, you may not be able to recover any of money at all. Use disposable credit cards: A recommended way to use a credit card is to get a disposable credit card. This works like any gift card from a bricks and mortar shop. You load it with a specified amount of money and the card is good until that amount is consumed. Then the card becomes worthless. This will protect you from identity theft. If a disposable credit card is stolen, the criminals will only gain access to the unused amount on the card. They cannot reload the card with additional funds. Check the website security. Before making any payments online through shopping cart sites, you should check the sites security. There are different levels of security available. You can check the URL web address. This is the box in the web browser where you type the websites online address e.g. www.anystore.com. A secure website will start the URL web address with HTTPS:// instead of the usual HTTP: //. Also, you should see a small lock icon in the screen which indicates that the site is a secure. This security level means that the online stores database and data transmissions for your transaction that made over the internet have been fully secured. The transaction is locked and receiver must use the correct key to open the transactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.just like a key to a house! Data transmissions that should be secured include: Notification emails; Online downloads; and Payment transfers between the site and other sites. A single online transaction will access the databases of a bank, a payment processing company, a credit card company and a secure online storage company etc. Dont shop online from public computers. If you want to shop online, then do so from the comfort of your own home. This ensures that you use your own secured computer which is free from internet nasties like viruses and worms, malware and spyware botnets. Shopping online at an internet cafà © can be very dangerous because the computer and the wireless network may not be secure. Hackers can easily steal your private data from internet cafà ©s. Read and understand the websites terms conditions and privacy statements. Before buying online, make sure that you understand exactly what is involved in the purchase. The terms and conditions of your purchase should be outlined by the seller on the website. They may be located on a separate web page to the advertisement. The terms and conditions should be clear to you and outline any extra warranties or guarantees, security policies, privacy and returns. Make sure that you understand all the disclaimers of responsibility before you accept the terms and conditions. Credit Card Security codes. If you use a credit card with a magnetic stripe, then online stores will require the CVV or card verification number when you make a purchase. You will find the CVV code on the back of your credit card in the signature bar. The last 3 digits of the code are required to be entered into the website online payment page. This number is designed to prevent fraudulent purchases from someone who does not have your card but may have stolen your personal details like name; card number and expiration date. Advanced security measures. Another security feature credit card companies are using is to create a second level of security by adding an additional password. An example of this is Verified by Visa or Mastercard Secure Code. These are optional security features provided by selected websites or payment processing systems. If you activate the code and shop on sites that carry the Verified by Visa or Mastercard Secure Code logos, the check out process will require the entry and validation of additional secret password or PIN that you previously have set up. The purchase cannot be authorized without successful validation of this second password or PIN. Automatic teller machines (ATM) and point of sale terminals also have this option to enter a PIN number for magnetic stripe cards. Modern Micro-chip PIN technologies also provide a pass-over option where you dont have to swipe your card through an electronic readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you just pass your card by the electronic sensor and it reads all the cards details. You then enter a PIN into the machine for verification. These technologies are designed to prevent skimming attacks by hackers  [1]  . Phishing Emails Dont Get Reeled In. Be aware of email scams designed to gain access to your credit card information. Phishing scams have been discussed at length in chapters 3, 4, 16 17 in this book. Use a secure web browser when surfing online. How you pick the best web browser to use? There are many choices in how you can experience the world-wide-web. Some popular internet browsers include Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Chrome, and Safari to name a few. You should choose a popular browser is always safe but it also needs to have extra security features. By this I mean that it has additional security add-ons available. Internet Explorer has been active since the beginning of the internet. This web browser is preloaded on every computer that uses the Microsoft operating system. Unfortunately, history has proven that Microsofts Internet Explorer isnt the safest web browser available on the market. A competitor called Mozilla Firefox is quickly dominating the field. As of July 2010, Firefox has become the second most widely used Internet browser. Google Chrome, Opera and Safari are also fast becoming major players in the market. Read this review of web browsers from PCWorld. What makes Firefox special? This web browser features pop-up blocking, tab-browsing, easy to use privacy controls and an integrated Google search bar. In addition, Firefox provides you with over 1 billion add-ons and has about 120 million users. Many of its add-ons offer additional protection for a safer online buying experience. For example, the add-on Web of Trust shows a traffic-light rating based on four factors: trustworthiness, vendor reliability, privacy and child safety of a web page. McAfee SiteAdvisor is a similar add-on and Adblock Plus stops banner ads and pop-ups. Pop-ups can also carry computer viruses which can infect your system. You can also download a program called NoScript which forces web-programming like JavaScript, Java to only run from the trusted domains you have chosen. These are just a few samples of many add-on protections Mozilla Firefox offers their users for safe online shopping. They can be downloaded free from Firefoxs home page along with Mozilla Firefox. Check out the security features of Firefox here. What about other web browsers like Opera, Chrome Safari? You may think that the latest Internet browsers: Opera, Chrome, Safari, etc. are best to web browsers to use. However, theyre mostly brand new and still in the beta stages of testing. This means that not all the bugs and glitches on them have been all figured out. On the other hand Mozilla Firefox is already a proven web browser. Today, its considered a full operating web browser. In the near future, Opera, Chrome or other web browsers may overtake Firefox. Firefox is also continually updating its browser. However, for the moment, Firefox is the safest online shopping and security due to its many layers of security add-ons and customization. Before you do any online purchasing, you need to be sure your computer is secure with anti-virus software. This has been discussed thoroughly is chapters 16 17 of this book. By following these tips using Mozilla Firefox with adequate anti-virus protection will give you the confidence you need to have a safe online shopping experience. Online auction scams and how to avoid them Buying and browsing items online is a real treat and online auctions like eBay can deliver some real bargains! However, as usual there are many scams to trap you. Here are some really good tips for avoiding eBay scams and having a really great online shopping experience. Take note of the shipping prices. These can have a great effect on the total cost of the item. Some sellers will absorb the shipping costs, while others require you to pay the cost. If you have two vendors selling the same items with similar prices, then check out the best shipping offer. Check the online auction seller feedback scores: The most important precaution you should make is to check the online auction sellers feedback score. This score is vital because it is the reflection of the sellers credibility. This score tells you whether a seller can be trusted or not. If the online seller has feedback score greater than 95%, then it is most likely that the seller is reliable. You should also see the detailed feedback about the seller. Check the most recent buyers comments because they are a great hint as to how your prospective seller is like to do business with. Follow up on any negative comments and ask the complainant what the real problem is. If there are a number of negative comments about postage times, shipping, and delays, then the seller is not reliable. Keep On Browsing: Just like in real life shopping at bricks and mortar stores, there are online vendors that sell overpriced items. Prices vary from seller to sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.some offering a good deal, other not so good! It is important that you browse through a number of sellers that offer the same item to get the best price. Browsing through a sellers page is absolutely free so explore your choices. This is the best thing you can do make sure that you dont get ripped off. Pay for online auction purchases through PayPal: If you want to use a secure online payment system, then PayPal would be the service to have. PayPal and the eBay auction site merged in 2002 to form the largest online auction site in the world. The PayPal payment systems are the most reliable and secure payment processing you can get. There are no extra charges to pay and payment conversion is automatic. PayPal has an excellent after sales service, particularly in resolving disputes and returns. If the seller hasnt contacted you and your item hasnt arrived, then you can go to your eBay account and fill in a complaint form. This is transferred directly to PayPal and they organize your refund. PayPal have a very quick and efficient dispute resolution system. It should only be used if your seller hasnt contacted you within a month. Ask Questions: It would be best if you ask your prospective seller questions regarding the product. This way you will not encounter any misunderstandings and will have an understanding. Questions about price, quality, quantity and shipping are important. What Are They Selling? You should always be suspicious and check out thorough what the person has been selling over time. For example, if you see that they has been selling cheap magazine clippings in the past year and now are selling Gulfstream jets, there is obviously a reason to be suspicious. How to Avoid Internet Scams on Adult Websites Adult sites are very popular but criminals use these websites for identity theft purposes? There are two ways by which identity fraud can happen on adult websites. The most common method is the scammer enticing the unsuspecting user to download a file from the website containing a virus, malware or spyware, which in turn harms your computer. You can protect yourself from this fraud by installing a good anti-virus or anti-malware program (see chapter 16 17) You can also be an identity theft victim of when you unknowingly download a keylogger or dialer program or pop-up advertisement. This allows criminals to hijack your computer and steal vital information. For example, if you shop online regularly, they can use your credit card details to make online purchases. Before you become a member of the site, make sure that the site is a legitimate site. You can check this out by reading the User Agreement and Privacy Policy carefully. They are usually long documents and will take some time to review them. You must do this check these documents thoroughly, if you want to keep safe on the internet. You can also check the ownership of a website using the free search tool on the website Whois MyDomain. This website contributes to user confidence in the Internet by promoting legitimate uses of the websites including digital inclusion and e-commerce. The site helps users to identify the persons or entities responsible for web content and online services. If other family members use the computer, limit their access to see white-listed websites. This prevents others from accidentally downloading something into the computer. If your children are alone, you need to blacklist or block adult sites so they cant visit adult sites. Most internet users wont know if the adult website is fraudulent or not. Therefore it is advisable to install a website monitoring system. This program is designed to keep a log all the programs that are installed and visited. Website Monitoring programs can also be setup to automatically enforce a no downloading policy and no unsupervised surfing policy. For example, if your teenage child visits a blacklisted pornographic website, a message will appear informing the web surfer that the site cannot be visited. This ensures that your child will not be victimized when they are online. If you use Adult websites, you should always review your credit card bill or phone bill for any charges which you knew were never made. The earlier that you report these calls, the earlier the credit card or the telephone company will be able to adjust your account. Adult internet sites are not the only websites that are used by fraudsters. Charities, auction sites and commercial websites are also being used as a front by criminal gangs. If you think the site you are visiting is not legitimate, leave the site and report it to the police. Dating and Romance scams This scam takes advantage of your romantic side by befriending you. You may be a single person looking for love and are very vulnerable to attack. The scammers are professionals who can pretend to be whatever you think they are. In the online world you are anonymous, so you can pretend to be some-one else. For example, a male scammer could pretend to be a gorgeous female who is really interested in you. Female scammers can also pretend to be some-one elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and so on! The scammers know the right emotional buttons you have and form an online relationship with you. When they have your complete confidence, they often start asking you for money. Normally this type of scam happens on dating sites and online social networks like MySpace or FaceBook. Online scammers are NOT interested in having a relationship with you no matter how attractive you may be. They have only one interest and that is to take advantage of you and defraud you! Never trust anybody you meet on the web unless you know and trust them in real life. In the real world, you need to spend quite some time with a person before you get to know them well enough to enter into a relationship with them. Here is an example of a dating and romantic scam that I received in my e-mail Good day, dear! I am looking for a strong, kind, caring man. In my life I have almost everything except love. Everything I want is to be loved by a man like you. You seemed to me very interesting and different from others. And I think you are the man I was looking for such a long time. You can be sure, I will make you the happiest man in the world! I will make true all your fantasies. And I can be for you not only a perfect lover, but the best friend and good wife. We will spend all our free time together. I need you here. I need you like my lungs need air. I do not find strange that my second half is so far away, my destiny and life has been all over the world, but now that I found you, I really need you near me as soon as possible. Please write me. I will be waiting for your letter http://finebeautifulwomen.net/6184/ See you later Uli M I immediately deleted the e-mail as spam. I am happily marriedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Online Gambling Scams There are many risks involved in online gambling. The game i

Starch Hydrolysis Of Amylase

Starch Hydrolysis Of Amylase The purpose of experiment is to observe amylase enzyme in different environment and detect of each environment by helping colour changes. Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze many different chemical reactions. With few exceptions, all enzymes are proteins and each enzyme is specific to a certain chemical reaction. Enzymes must maintain a specific three dimensional structure in order to function properly. If an enzymes structure is altered (by heat or harsh chemicals) it may not function at all. This breakdown (denaturation) of an enzymes structure may be fatal Amylase Enzyme Amylase, which is commonly found in saliva and germinating seeds. It catalyzes the breakdown of starch. When amylase reacts with starch, it cuts off the disaccharide maltose (two glucose molecules linked together). As the reaction progresses, less starch will be present and more sugar (maltose) will be present.The activity of amylase can be observed by using iodine.Because iodine reacts with starch to form a dark brown/purple color. As amylase breaks down starch, less and less starch will be present and the color of the solution (if iodine is added) will become lighter and lighter. The color change was observed using spot-plates as illustrated on the diagram below. Amylase activity was observed under four different treatments: effect of temperature effect of pH effect of substrate concentration effect of enzyme concentration The Effects Of Temperature Amylase is an important metabolic enzyme. Its function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. At high temperatures, Amylase becomes denatured, denatured amylase no longer catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. EFFECT OF pH: Based on these results, what is the optimal pH for amylase? Is this optimal pH considered acidic, basic/alkaline, or neutral? Why does the activity decrease when the pH is too low or too high? APPARATUS -Starch -Amylase Enzyme -KH2P04 -Na2HP04 -HCI -Heater -Beaker -Falcon tube -Spectrophotometer -Iodine PROCEDURE 1.0.27 g KH2P04 buffer solution PH 5 was prepared with 20ml 2.0.27g KH2P04 PH6 was prepared with 20ml 3.0.27g KH2P04 PH7 was prepared with 100ml 4.0.282g Na2HPO4 PH8 was prepared with 20ml 5.0.282g Na2HP04 PH9 was prepared with 20ml 6.20g Starch was also prepared with 50ml cold water 7. To test amylase activity with PH difference,5ml starch ,5ml buffer(PH5,6,7,8,9 is used each) and 1ml amylase were mixed each other. 8.10min later,0.5ml prepared sample was put into 5ml HCI. 9.At 620nm ,the results were measured at spectrophotometer. 10. Second part temperature effect,5ml starch ,5ml PH7 buffer and 1ml amylase were mixed. 11.Prepared sample was put into different temperature 30,50,70 and 90C. 12.10 min later,5ml HCI was put into 0.5 ml prepared sample. 13.2-3 min later,5ml iodine was added into 0.5ml new sample 14.Absorbance of each was measured at spectrophotometer. OBSERVATIONS In this experiment,we tried to create different environment to examine amylase enzyme activity.The environment differences could be provided by PH differences.Therefore we prepared different medium also different pHs.K2.The graph was gained fÄÂ ±om our results.One of them is a graph that related to amylase activity at different PH.The other one is rela ted to amylase activity at different temperatures at constant PH.With K2HPO4 PH 5.6and 7 were prepared and with Na2PO4 8and 9.Each preparation procedure was applied.5ml starch ,5ml buffer,1ml amylase were added each other and then waited 10 min.After 10min,5ml HCI was added into 0.5 ml sample mixture.In a same way,the mixture for temperature observation was prepared pH 7.And added iodine to end of procedure. Absorbance results were taken from spectrophotometry.This measurement was at 620nm. pH buffer sample with amylase 0.074 0.027 0.026 0.043 0.074 According to the results, The smallest one can be think as a best one.How much enzyme is used is more essential point.If it is less one ,it means starch can not be used adequately.High starch amount means that complex amount is also high.The opposite one shows best activity amylase at smallest concentration.The colour is more light,smaller absorbance could be think as best amylase activity. Temperature sample with amylase 0.064 0.006 0.192 0.130 At 30C the colour is slightly orange. At 50C the colour is extra light like iodine colour. At 70C the colour is slightly purple. At 90C the colour is more purple than at 30C one like orange-purple.At constant PH ,the small concentration ,at 50C.Because small absorbance formed by small complex.It means that amount of starch was decreased also.Best activity is 50C at constant PH. RESULTS Our aim is to be related to activity of amylase.To detect it, we prepared different PH from KHP04 and Na2HP04 by adding acid or base. Usage both of them is related to interval of buffer.After preparation buffer,we measure absorbance at spectrophotometry.At different PH absorbance give also different concentration.If amylase enzyme concentration with sample is small, it means enzyme is used complex is more small so activity of ezyme is best one in there.At different PHs ,smallest concentration is at PH 7.And then we did second part of experiment by using PH7.The chosen of PH7 is related to observation best amylase activity at first part.At PH7 we took sample with amylase enzyme concentration at different PHs.The smallest concentration is at 50C in second part.The concentration is 0.006.The colour is more light like iodine colour.Starch is used with amylase and therefore complex colour is more light also.The amylase enzyme activity is best one at 50C.This measurement is done at 620nm. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Why is measured at 620nm ? Why HCI is used for preparation ? What does Light color mean?How does more heat affect rxn? During experiment ,we want to distinct purpose of experiment by answering these question.In this experiment,we related to effect of different buffer and temperature.We prepared buffers at different PH.KH2P04 was prepared for PH 5 ,6 ,7and Na2HP04 for 8and 9.In first part , at constant temperature (room temperature) sample with amylase concentration was measured.At PH 7,we measured the smallest one.Small concentration means less complex less starch and enzyme is used enzyme activity is high.Our result from measurement at PH 7 is 0.026.As a second part ,constant PH,temperature was changed and then observed the effect of it.At 50 C ,smallest absorbance ( 0.0060 )was found and the colour was extra light.It means more less complex there.In this experiment ,iodine is used to detect starch molecules by observing color change.Iodine and starch were combined and then formed c omplex.The another point is why HCI is used.The acid stops the enzymatic reaction and iodine reacts with starch to produce blue color.Activity of enzyme is also essential.It can be used for denaturation detection.Starch reacts with iodine which is yellow to form blue compound Amax=620nm.The intensity of the blue color can be quantified spectrophotometrically by measuring its absorbance at 620nm.